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The Tanabata Festival,
celebrated on July 7th, was one of the gosekku, or "five great
festivals". It was first observed as a national event in 755 A.D.
The festival was based on a Chinese
legend about the stars Verda (Shokujo) and Altair
(Kengyu) in the Lyra and Aquila constellations. Shokujo
was an accomplished weaver and daughter of a celestial king. She met
Kengyu, a herder, by chance and they fell in love and married,
much to the displeasure of Shokujo's father. They were so much in
love that Shokujo neglected her weaving and Kengyu his
herds, so the king separated them by running the Milky Way
(Amanogawa: River of Heaven) between them. Magpies felt
sympathetic to their sadness and once a year they stretch out their wings
to form a bridge across Amanogawa, enabling the lovers to meet.
However, if the night is rainy, the river will flood and the birds cannot
form their bridge and the lovers must wait another year.
At festival time, everyone prayed for
good weather. Special foods and sweets were prepared. Bamboo branches were
set up in front of houses or shrines and decorated with tanzaku
(narrow strips of paper on which love poems are written),
fukinagashi (colored strips of paper representing weaving),
tsuru (cranes representing long life), ami (nets for
good fishing, hunting, bountiful harvests, etc.), kimono garments
again representing the weaving arts), kinchaku (money pouch),
paper stars and other ornaments.
There was also the Tanabata-odori
or folk dances in which people danced in circles to the beat of
drums.
It was primarily a girl's festival and
young girls believe that if they observed Tanabata Matsuri
earnestly, they would not only be granted a wonderful lovelife but
also gain skill in weaving and sewing. In ancient times, there were no
ready-to-wear clothing widely available and the women of each household
made the clothing for the entire family. Mothers and daughters spent each
evening sewing, taking great pride in their skill.
Today the most spectacular Tanabata
celebrations are held in the city of Sendai on August 6-8 in keeping
with the ancient lunar calendar. Sendai is in the northern part of the
main island of Honshu in what was once Mutsu Province.
Besides the dozen or so books I used
for art reference, I went to the following resources specifically for the
Tanabata Matsuri: Matsuri: Festival by N. Araki and J.
Horii covered five major festivals in detail; Quaint Customs and
Manners of Japan by Mock Joya is a nifty book covering miscellaneous
information about Japanese life; Festivals of Japan and A
Look Into Japan, both published by the Japan Travel Bureau; and
Dictionary of Japanese Culture by S. Kojima and G. Crane. But of
course, my greatest resource is my mother, Teruko Sakai, who patiently
answered all my questions, even those I had not thought to ask.
A takoyaki, which Usagi and
Kinuko snacked on at the festival, is an octopus dumpling. It is usually
sold at street stands and consists of wheat flour, bits of octopus
(tako), green onions, chopped cabbage, dried fish flakes and
ginger. It is dipped in a spicy sauce and eaten hot.
Gunichi also made a reference to
"Enma's Hell". Enma (or Emma) is the king of Hades and the judge of the
dead. His origins probably lie in India and came over to Japan along with
Buddhism. Lafcadio Hearn describes an image of Enma in his book
Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan as "a goblin shape with immense
cavernous eyes. His mouth is widely open as if speaking in wrath, and his
brows frown terribly. A long red beard descends upon his red breast. And
on his head is a strangely shaped crown, a crown of black and gold, having
three singular lobes...below it, upon the deep gold-rimmed black band,
flames the mystic character signifying KING."
The kiku or chrysanthemum
which Kinuko so admired is the national flower of Japan. It symbolizes
peace, nobility and long life and is the emblem of the Imperial Court.
There are more than 5,000 varieties
with different blossoming seasons but the ones flowering in the autumn are
the most popular. They can be divided into two types, the first having a
few large flowers and second with hundreds of small blossoms. The latter
is used for making kiku-ningyo or chrysanthemum dolls.
Kiku-ningyo are living plants
trained to form a life-size "doll" with blossoms of different colors used
to create gorgeous costumes. They usually depict historical scenes and
figures. These dolls are usually exhibited in autumn, particularly around
early November when the blossoms are at their best.
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